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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected.
The country is looking for an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also styles of art as well as a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications.
At the close of the period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves paved with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, and made of large stones in a single piece, are common in the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
Academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards a new model of economic governance. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies some important factors that appear to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their views among this population. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a huge number of pastors, professors, church leaders and scientists.
The success of the event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that hold seminars and present talks to school children and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have been a part of click here the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.